Cboe Global Markets

“If any of them were unable to provide this information for a sustained period of time, we may be unable to offer trading on our options and equities markets. •We are heavily dependent on technology for our markets, including third-party operation of production and disaster recovery data centers, as well as certain communications and networking products and services. If this technology is unavailable, as a result of a number of potential causes, including technical failure, failure to successfully complete technological migrations, natural disasters, extreme weather events, fraud or security attacks that we cannot predict or prevent, and cannot be replaced in a sufficiently short time period, we may be unable to operate our markets.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“•We utilize third-party cloud service providers to maintain secondary offsite backups of our and our customers' data and to distribute real-time data, and we may utilize third-party cloud service providers in the future for additional services. We do not control the operations of third-party cloud service providers or their facilities and may be vulnerable to disruptions in our access to the platform as a result of a number of potential causes, including technical failure, natural disasters, extreme weather events, fraud, or security attacks that we cannot predict or prevent.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Extended outages or disruptions at these third parties (whether due to technology failures, data center infrastructure issues, such as the cooling system malfunctions that occurred at a third-party exchange in 2025, cyberattacks, or other causes) could impair our ability to calculate indices, provide market data products, or maintain trading operations.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Our business depends on the integrity and performance of our computer and communications systems. If our systems cannot expand to cope with increased demand or otherwise fail to perform, as a result of a number of potential causes, including technical failure, data center infrastructure issues such as cooling system malfunctions or hardware maintenance errors, natural disasters, power demands, extreme weather events, flooding, fraud or security attacks that we cannot predict or prevent, and cannot be replaced in a sufficiently short time period, we could experience unanticipated disruptions in service, slower response times, and delays in the introduction of new products and services. These consequences could result in trading outages, lower trading and clearing volumes, financial losses, decreased customer service and satisfaction, and regulatory sanctions and could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Although we have a back-up plan with respect to our significant trading and key corporate systems, the back-up systems or disaster recovery plans may prove to be inadequate in the event of a systems failure or cybersecurity breach. Despite having disaster recovery facilities, there can be no guarantees that we will be able to open an efficient, transparent, and liquid marketplace, if we can open at all, nor can we guarantee that clearing organizations will allow clearing services for existing or new products following a systems failure or cybersecurity breach. Moreover, with extended trading hours, we must operate our systems longer and have fewer non-trading hours to address any potential concerns with the systems on which we rely.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“We anticipate that we will need to continue to make significant investments in hardware, software and telecommunications infrastructure and power supply to accommodate the potential increases in traffic, technology migrations, and system updates. Additionally, disruptions to the supply chain may interfere with the ability of our employees, vendors, technology equipment suppliers, data and disaster recovery centers, and other service providers to provide the requested hardware, software, and telecommunications infrastructure. If we cannot migrate, update, or increase the capacity and capabilities of our systems to accommodate increased trading or clearing activity and to execute our business strategy, our ability to maintain or expand our businesses would be materially adversely affected.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Technology Cboe's Trading Technology The trading platform for our equities, options, and futures markets is built upon our Cboe Titanium technology platform. It is developed, owned, and operated in-house and is designed to optimize reliability, speed, scalability, and versatility.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Accordingly, we generate revenue from proprietary indices by distributing them for reference purposes, using them as the basis for proprietary products and licensing them for use for third-party indices and products. Table of Contents Cboe Data Vantage The Cboe Data Vantage business provides an offering of market data and information solutions products across multiple asset classes and geographic regions that are designed to suit our customers’ diverse needs. The Cboe Data Vantage business consists of three product groups: •Market Data and Access Services.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Our customers are financial institutions whose ability to satisfy their contractual obligations may be impacted by volatile securities markets.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Overview Cboe Global Markets, Inc., the world's leading derivatives and securities exchange network, delivers cutting-edge trading, clearing, and investment solutions to people around the world. Cboe provides trading solutions and products in multiple asset classes, including equities, derivatives, and FX, across North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Our Business Cboe reports on the following five business segments: •Options. The Options segment includes options on market indices (“index options”), as well as on the stocks of individual corporations (“equity options”) and on ETPs such as exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”) and exchange-traded notes (“ETNs”), which are “multi-listed” options and listed on a non-exclusive basis. These options are eligible to trade, as applicable, on Cboe Options, C2, BZX, EDGX, and/or other U.S. national security exchanges. Cboe Options is the Company’s primary options market and offers trading in listed options through a single system that integrates electronic trading and traditional open outcry trading on the Cboe Options trading floor in Chicago.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“•Futures. The Futures segment includes transaction services provided by CFE, a fully electronic futures exchange, which includes offerings for trading of VIX futures and other futures products, the licensing of proprietary market data, as well as access and capacity services.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“•North American Equities. The North American Equities segment includes U.S. equities and ETP transaction services that occur on fully electronic exchanges owned and operated by BZX, BYX, EDGX, and EDGA, equities transactions that occur on the BIDS Trading platform in the U.S. and the Cboe BIDS Canada platform, and Canadian equities and other transaction services that occur on or through Cboe Canada’s order books.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“The North American Equities segment also includes corporate listing services on Cboe Canada, ETP listings on BZX, the Cboe Global Markets, Inc. common stock listing, and applicable market data fees revenues generated from the consolidated tape plans, the licensing of proprietary equities market data, routing services, and access and capacity services. •Europe and Asia Pacific. The Europe and Asia Pacific segment includes the pan-European derivatives transaction services, ETPs, including exchange traded funds, exchange traded notes, and exchange traded commodities, and international depository receipts that are hosted on MTFs operated by Cboe Europe Equities (Cboe Europe and Cboe NL equities exchanges) and CEDX.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Derivatives Markets We are one of the largest U.S. derivatives market operators, operating four options markets, Cboe Options, BZX Options, EDGX Options and C2 Options, and a futures market, CFE. The key products traded on our derivatives markets are proprietary products, including our flagship products SPX options and VIX options and futures, and multi-listed products.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Proprietary Products We are a leader in the volatility space with the volatility-based proprietary products we offer for trading. These volatility-based proprietary products are built through Cboe Labs, a dedicated team centered on the creation, development, and implementation of new ideas and our strategic relationships and license agreements with index providers, including S&P Dow Jones Indices (“S&P”) and the Frank Russell Company and FTSE International Limited (together “FTSE Russell”). We offer proprietary products on our proprietary indices and indices owned by other index providers. Our most frequently traded proprietary products include SPX options and VIX options and futures.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“We hold exclusive U.S. rights to list options on the S&P 500 Index, S&P 100 Index, S&P 500 ESG Index, and S&P Select Sector Indices. Our license with S&P extends through December 31, 2033, with exclusive rights to trade S&P 500 Index options through December 31, 2032.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Cash and Spot Markets We are one of the largest equities market operators, operating four U.S. equities exchanges, international exchanges in Europe, Canada, and Australia, as well as a number of alternative trading systems and an FX platform. Our four U.S. equities exchanges, BZX, EDGX, BYX and EDGA, which are fully electronic, operate various market and pricing models including price-time and price-time with retail priority, as well as various pricing models, including maker-taker and taker-maker fee structures.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Our fully electronic Canadian securities exchange, Cboe Canada Inc., offers four order books, NEO-L, NEO-N, NEO-D, and MATCHNow, which operate various market models including maker-taker, taker-maker, large order priority, and frequent call matches with continuous execution opportunities, among others.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“In Europe, we operate a number of market models, including continuous Lit order books, periodic auction order books, dark midpoint order books, a post-closing cross, as well as two BIDS Europe order books.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Cboe Australia is a regulated stock exchange that is fully electronic. Cboe Australia utilizes a model that charges a different ad valorem fee rate depending on whether a participant is making or taking liquidity.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Risks Relating to Our Business Loss of our right to exclusively list and trade certain index options and futures could have a material adverse effect on our financial performance. We hold exclusive licenses to list securities index options on the S&P 500 Index, the Russell 2000 Index, and other indices granted to us by the owners of such indices, and additionally hold exclusive rights to our proprietary VIX Index methodology that provides the basis for VIX options and futures. In 2025, approximately 68% of our total revenues less cost of revenues were generated by the options and futures segments, the majority of which was generated by products based on exclusively licensed indices (e.g., SPX options) and products based on our proprietary VIX methodology (e.g., VIX options and futures).”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Our equities and options customers in the United States include trading permit holders and members (as applicable) of Cboe Options, C2, BZX, BYX, EDGX, and EDGA, which are SEC-registered broker-dealers, and the customers of those broker-dealers.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Our futures customers include banks, futures commission merchants and their customers, hedge funds, asset managers, proprietary trading firms, and Commodity Trading Advisors.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Overview Cboe Global Markets, Inc., the world's leading derivatives and securities exchange network, delivers cutting-edge trading, clearing, and investment solutions to people around the world. Cboe provides trading solutions and products in multiple asset classes, including equities, derivatives, and FX, across North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“See Note 16 (“Segment Reporting”) for more information. •Global FX. The Global FX segment includes institutional FX trading services that occur on the Cboe FX fully electronic trading platform, non-deliverable forward FX transactions (“NDFs”) offered for execution on Cboe SEF, as well as revenue generated from the licensing of proprietary market data and from access and capacity services.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“The Cboe FX platform provides institutional FX trading services and utilizes a price-firmness-time priority market model.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“We offer a smart-order routing service through our broker-dealer subsidiary, Cboe Trading, which provides its customers with access to other market centers when we route their orders to those market centers for execution.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Emerging technologies, alternative settlement mechanisms, and 24-hour trading may also affect our traditional business models. For example, the adoption of tokenization or other emerging settlement technologies that enable self-clearing may reduce demand for traditional clearing services. New or existing competitors may also develop products or technologies that provide similar economic exposure or functionality to our existing offerings through different mechanisms, which may reduce demand for our products.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Furthermore, new or existing competitors may: •respond more quickly to competitive pressures; •develop products that compete with our products or are preferred by our customers; •offer products and services at prices below ours to gain market share and to promote other businesses; •develop and expand their technology and service offerings more efficiently; •provide better, more user-friendly, and more reliable technology; •develop and incorporate more quickly new technologies, such as AI, machine learning, blockchain, atomic settlement, distributed ledger technology, quantum computing, tokenization, the cloud, and other emerging technologies; •take greater advantage of acquisitions, alliances, and other opportunities; •market, promote, bundle, and sell their products and services more effectively; •leverage existing relationships with customers and alliance partners more effectively or exploit brand names to market and sell their services; and •exploit regulatory disparities between traditional, regulated exchanges and alternative markets, including over-the-counter markets, that benefit from a reduced regulatory burden and lower-cost business model.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Emerging Technologies We are currently utilizing certain technologies, such as artificial intelligence (“AI”) and the cloud, in limited capacities, including using AI to improve internal processes such as code development, documentation, and operational efficiency, and we continue to explore the potential use of other new technologies, such as machine learning, blockchain, distributed ledger technology, tokenization, quantum computing, atomic settlement, and other emerging technologies to potentially help drive new products, increase productivity, improve our self-regulatory oversight responsibilities, and increase automation of tasks.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Customers Our customers generally include financial institutions, trading platforms, institutional and individual investors, and professional traders.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Our institutional global FX customers include banks, broker-dealers, hedge funds, asset managers, proprietary trading firms, Commodity Trading Advisors, and corporates.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“We do not have counterparty credit risk with respect to trades matched on our exchanges in the U.S., Canada, and Europe. With respect to listed equities, we deliver matched trades of our customers to the NSCC without taking on 82 Table of Contents counterparty risk for those trades. NSCC acts as a central counterparty on all equity transactions occurring on BZX, BYX, EDGX and EDGA and, as such, guarantees clearance and settlement of all of our matched equity trades.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“In 2025, following a comprehensive strategic review of its global business operations, Cboe initiated the wind down of its Japanese equities business, including the cessation of operations of its Cboe Japan proprietary trading system and Cboe BIDS Japan block trading platform, initiated a sales process for its Cboe Australia and Cboe Canada businesses, discontinued its U.S. and European Corporate Listings efforts, and reduced costs associated with its U.S. and European ETP Listings businesses, Cboe Europe Derivatives ("CEDX"), and several of Cboe’s smaller Risk and Market Analytics businesses.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“As of January 1, 2025, the Company operates five reportable business segments: Options, North American Equities, Europe and Asia Pacific, Futures, and Global FX, which is reflective of how the Company's chief operating decision maker ("CODM") reviews and operates the business, as discussed in Note 1 ("Nature of Operations").”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Components of Revenues Cash and Spot Markets Revenue aggregated into cash and spot markets includes associated transaction and clearing fees, the portion of market data fees relating to associated U.S. tape plan market data fees, associated regulatory fees, and associated other revenue from the Company’s North American Equities, Europe and Asia Pacific, and Global FX segments.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Table of Contents OCC acts as a central counterparty on all transactions in listed equity options in our Options segment, and as such, guarantees clearance and settlement of all of our options transactions. We believe that any potential requirement for us to make payments under these guarantees is remote and accordingly, have not recorded any liability in the consolidated financial statements for these guarantees. Similarly, with respect to trades in U.S. listed equity options occurring on Cboe Options, C2, BZX, and EDGX, and to trades in CFE futures products cleared by OCC, we deliver matched trades of our customers to the OCC, which acts as a central counterparty on all transactions occurring on these exchanges and, as such, guarantees clearance and settlement of these matched options and futures trades.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Components of Revenues Cash and Spot Markets Revenue aggregated into cash and spot markets includes associated transaction and clearing fees, the portion of market data fees relating to associated U.S. tape plan market data fees, associated regulatory fees, and associated other revenue from the Company’s North American Equities, Europe and Asia Pacific, and Global FX segments.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“We offer a smart-order routing service through our broker-dealer subsidiary, Cboe Trading, which provides its customers with access to other market centers when we route their orders to those market centers for execution.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Each of these proposals has been noticed for public comment, and in 2024, Rule 605 and the Tick Size/Access Fee Cap proposals were approved by the SEC. Rule 605 is expected to be implemented in August 2026 while the Tick Size/Access Fee Cap proposals are expected to be implemented in November 2026. Rule 605 may result in increased technology and compliance costs to Cboe. The Tick Size/Access Fee Cap rule is also likely to result in increased technology and compliance costs to Cboe, as well as potential adverse impact to Cboe’s trading volume and transaction fee revenue.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“The legislative phase of the review is now complete and revised MiFIR rules and Directive 2024/790/EU on markets in financial instruments came into effect on March 28, 2024, with Member State transposition having been required by September 29, 2025. The final text includes, among other provisions, provision for a consolidated tape for the EU, a ban on payment for order flow (effective June 30, 2026), replacement of the double volume cap with a single volume cap of 7% for trades executed under certain trade waivers (operational as of October 2025), and changes to the transparency regime for equities.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“As discussed above, the implementation of MDIR, the equity market structure rules and proposals, or potential changes to Rule 611 of Regulation NMS (the Order Protection Rule) could cause Cboe’s equities exchanges, BZX, BYX, EDGX, and EDGA, to require additional resources to comply with the new rules, and may have a material impact on our business, financial condition, and operating results, including if, for example, there are lower SIP plan revenues or we must reduce the fees or access fee caps we charge.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Further, following the SEC’s disapproval of our 2024 proposed rule change to adopt a rule providing that our order and execution management systems (“OEMS") that operate independently from our registered national securities exchanges are not “facilities” of those exchanges, we are seeking exemptive relief for our OEMSs from certain exchange regulations, such as rule filing requirements. Being required to continue to follow exchange regulations could reduce our OEMSs’ competitiveness, could result in a reduction of the value of OEMSs to us, and is likely to increase our compliance costs.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“As European regulators determine how market data should be disaggregated and what is a reasonable commercial basis for providing market data, it could affect our ability to offer market data products in the same manner that we do today thereby causing an adverse effect on our European market data revenues. While MiFID II and MiFIR aim to encourage a commercial solution to a consolidated tape in Europe, should this fail to materialize, policy makers might be encouraged to implement a mandatory solution that could impact our ability to develop our own commercial offering. As discussed above, the E.C. published provisions for a consolidated tape for the EU, which is expected to be implemented in 2026. As proposed, these provisions may have a material impact on our business, financial condition, and operating results if, for example, we must reduce the fees we charge for market data.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Additionally, any vulnerability of third-party cloud service providers could expose our or our customers' confidential data, which could result in harm to our business reputation. •FINRA and OCC provide certain regulatory services and functions for our options, equities and futures exchanges, while we retain regulatory responsibilities for such services. If FINRA or OCC stopped providing services, or provided inadequate services, we may be subject to action by the SEC or CFTC, or may have limitations placed upon our markets.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“•We rely on CATLLC, a subsidiary of FINRA, to provide services for the implementation of the CAT. If CATLLC or its third-party service providers stop providing services or provide inadequate services, we and the other SROs may not be able to recover costs related to the implementation of CAT, incur penalties for delays of implementation, incur related litigation and other expenses, or incur regulatory liability including enforcement action by the SEC or limitations placed upon our markets. In addition, if CATLLC is not able to collect fees again from Industry Members as a result of litigation or regulatory developments, the SROs may not be able to collect on the promissory notes related to the funding of the implementation and operation of the CAT and the SROs may continue to incur additional significant costs related to the historical, current, and future funding of the implementation and operation of the CAT.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Cboe Options, C2, BZX, BYX, EDGX, and EDGA are registered national securities exchanges and SROs, and, as such, are subject to comprehensive regulation by the SEC. Cboe Fixed Income is a registered broker-dealer also subject to comprehensive regulation by the SEC and a member of FINRA. CFE and Cboe Digital Exchange are each a DCM, Cboe SEF is a SEF, and Cboe Clear U.S. is a DCO, each registered with the CFTC and subject to comprehensive regulation by the CFTC.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Table of Contents Our European businesses are subject to regulatory oversight in the UK by the FCA and in the Netherlands by the DNB and the AFM, which, through the “passporting” regime, provides authorization to carry on business in other Member States of the EU and the EEA in accordance with the applicable EU legislation and regulation to which our European business is subject.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“While we have entered into agreements under which FINRA, with respect to our options and equities exchanges provides certain regulatory services, and under which OCC, with respect to CFE provides certain financial surveillance and regulatory services, we retain ultimate responsibility for the regulation of our TPHs and members. We have begun to perform internally more of the regulatory services that FINRA used to handle.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Legislative or regulatory changes affecting our markets could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Each of these proposals has been noticed for public comment, and in 2024, Rule 605 and the Tick Size/Access Fee Cap proposals were approved by the SEC and await implementation. Rule 605 and Tick Size/Access Fee Cap rule may result in increased technology and compliance costs to Cboe. The Tick Size/Access Fee Cap rule is also likely to result in increased technology 38 Table of Contents and compliance costs to Cboe, as well as potential adverse impact to Cboe’s trading volume and transaction fee revenue.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“The implementation of MiFID II and MiFIR in Europe at the beginning of 2018 has encouraged competition among market centers in Europe. MiFID II and MiFIR have introduced a number of new rules, including enhanced internal organizational and compliance monitoring requirements, which apply directly to European trading venues such as our MTF and RM. The impact of MiFID II and MiFIR is significant, and the increased competition among market centers could reduce trading fees, while increasing our costs of operating in Europe.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“The legislative and regulatory environment in which the spot FX market operates is evolving and has undergone significant changes in the recent past, and there may be future regulatory changes in the spot FX industry. The FX Global Code was published in 2017, and re-affirmed in 2024, and sets forth standards of conduct agreed by market participants and central banks on a global basis to apply to the wholesale FX market, and the effect of its publication on conduct and future regulation continues to evolve.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“In addition, U.S. and foreign legislatures and regulators could impose legislative or regulatory changes that could materially adversely impact the ability of our market participants to use our markets or participate in the securities industry at all. Any such changes could result in the loss of a significant number of market participants or a reduction in trading activity on our markets, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“We maintain and continually seek to enhance and improve risk management, compliance and monitoring policies, procedures and programs that are reasonably designed to help with our compliance with applicable laws and rules and to prevent, detect, deter, monitor, and manage our risks, including enterprise risk, compliance, regulatory, and internal audit programs, but such policies, procedures and programs may not be fully effective in their operation. Further, we face the risk of intervention by regulatory authorities, including extensive examination and surveillance activity.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Changes in the tax laws and regulations affecting us, our offerings and our market participants could have a material adverse effect on our business. Legislation may be enacted or interpretative guidance issued, both domestically and internationally, that could result in transaction, sales, or value added taxes on our offerings or change the way that our market participants are taxed on the products they trade on our markets.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Additionally, cyber threats and the techniques used in cyberattacks change, develop and evolve rapidly, including from emerging technologies, such as advanced forms of artificial intelligence (“AI”) and quantum computing. Our hybrid work environment, usage of mobile, AI and cloud-based technologies, and ongoing divestitures and wind downs may increase our risk for a cybersecurity incident.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Collectively, these safeguards and measures or those of our third-party providers, including any cloud-based technologies, may prove inadequate to prevent the attendant risk posed by cybersecurity incidents, subjecting us to contractual restrictions, liability and damages, loss of business, penalties, unfavorable publicity, increased scrutiny by our regulators, and may materially impact our business, financial condition, and operating results.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Misconduct by our TPHs, members, participants or others could harm us. We run the risk that our TPHs, members, participants, other persons who use our markets or our products, other persons for whom we clear transactions, our employees or those with which we have business relationships may engage in fraud, market or product manipulation, or other misconduct, which could result in regulatory and legal sanctions and penalties and serious harm to our reputation, especially because we are the parent company of SROs and other markets.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Table of Contents Our European businesses are subject to regulatory oversight in the UK by the FCA and in the Netherlands by the DNB and the AFM, which, through the “passporting” regime, provides authorization to carry on business in other Member States of the EU and the EEA in accordance with the applicable EU legislation and regulation to which our European business is subject.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“The implementation of MiFID II and MiFIR in Europe at the beginning of 2018 has encouraged competition among market centers in Europe. MiFID II and MiFIR have introduced a number of new rules, including enhanced internal organizational and compliance monitoring requirements, which apply directly to European trading venues such as our MTF and RM. The impact of MiFID II and MiFIR is significant, and the increased competition among market centers could reduce trading fees, while increasing our costs of operating in Europe.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“As of January 1, 2025, the Company operates five reportable business segments: Options, North American Equities, Europe and Asia Pacific, Futures, and Global FX, which is reflective of how the Company's chief operating decision maker ("CODM") reviews and operates the business, as discussed in Note 1 ("Nature of Operations").”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Table of Contents More specifically, we have exposure to exchange rate movements between the British pound, the Euro, the Canadian dollar, the Hong Kong dollar, the Australian dollar, the Japanese yen, the Philippine peso, and the Singapore dollar against the U.S. dollar. Significant inflation or changes in foreign exchange rates with respect to one or more of these currencies could occur as a result of increased political tensions and disagreements, including in connection with tariffs and trade policies, general economic or political conditions, acts of war or terrorism, changes in governmental monetary or tax policy, or changes in local interest rates. These exchange rate differences would affect the translation of our non-U.S. results of operations and financial condition into U.S. dollars as part of our consolidated financial statements.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Our ability to make payments on and to refinance our debt obligations and to fund planned capital expenditures depend on our ability to generate cash from our operations. This, to a certain extent, is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory, and other factors that are beyond our control.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Royalty Fees and Other Cost of Revenues Royalty fees and other cost of revenues increased for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to an increase in trading volumes of licensed products in the Options segment, partially offset by a decrease in operating interest expense attributable to Cboe Clear Europe as a result of the changing interest rate environment resulting in a decrease in interest paid to customers.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Revenues less cost of revenues increased $53.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to an increase in net transaction and clearing fees, driven by a 31% increase in Cboe European Equities matched ADNV and a 22% increase in Cboe Clear Europe net settlement volumes, coupled with a decrease in interest expense attributable to Cboe Clear Europe, driven primarily by a decrease in interest rates.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Cboe Clear Europe entered into a €1.2 billion committed syndicated multicurrency revolving and swingline credit facility that is available to be drawn by Cboe Clear Europe towards (a) financing unsettled amounts in connection with the settlement of transactions in securities and other items processed through Cboe Clear Europe’s clearing system and (b) financing any other liability or liquidity requirement of Cboe Clear Europe incurred in the operation of its clearing system, however we can give no assurance that this facility will be sufficient to meet all such obligations or sufficiently mitigate Cboe Clear Europe’s liquidity risk to meet its payment obligations when due. •Market Risk – Cboe Clear Europe is also exposed to market risk in the event that a clearing member defaults and the market prices of the securities in its open positions have moved adversely so the clearinghouse can only close out the participant’s obligations at a loss.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“There is substantial competition for qualified and capable personnel which may make it difficult for us to retain and recruit qualified employees in sufficient numbers. We have previously faced and may in the future face increased challenges in retaining and attracting qualified employees, including as we implement a return to office plan and our business review actions. Further, potential negative perceptions of our human capital management related programs, including whether due to perceived over- or under-pursuit of such programs, may result in increased challenges in retaining or attracting qualified employees, as well as potential litigation or other adverse impacts.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“We expect that our business will continue to grow, which may place a significant strain on our management, personnel, systems, and resources. We must continually improve our operational, billing, financial, and regulatory systems and managerial controls and procedures, and may need to continue to expand, train, and manage our workforce. We must also maintain close coordination among our technology, legal, accounting, finance, marketing, sales, regulatory, and compliance functions. If we fail to manage our growth effectively, our business, financial condition, and operating results could be materially harmed.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“The process of integration, including in new geographies and asset classes with new regulatory regimes, may expose us to a number of unforeseen risks and operating difficulties, including risks relating to information technology migrations, integrations and security, regulatory issues, and other issues, and may divert the attention of management from the ongoing operation of our business and harm our reputation. We may not successfully achieve the integration objectives, and we may not realize the anticipated cost savings, revenue growth and synergies in full or at all, or it may take longer to realize them than expected, any of which could negatively impact our business, financial condition, and operating results.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“The Company has licenses with the owners of the S&P 500 Index, S&P 100 Index and certain other S&P indices, FTSE Russell indices, the DJIA, and certain other index products.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Table of Contents Revenues Total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased $619.7 million, or 15%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to increases across all revenue captions, driven by an increase in transaction and clearing fees as a result of increased volumes traded on the Cboe options, Cboe U.S. equities, and Cboe European equities exchanges, partially offset by a decrease in regulatory fees due to a decrease in the Section 31 fee rate following a rate change in May 2025.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Table of Contents Revenues Total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased $619.7 million, or 15%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to increases across all revenue captions, driven by an increase in transaction and clearing fees as a result of increased volumes traded on the Cboe options, Cboe U.S. equities, and Cboe European equities exchanges, partially offset by a decrease in regulatory fees due to a decrease in the Section 31 fee rate following a rate change in May 2025.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Emerging technologies, alternative settlement mechanisms, and 24-hour trading may also affect our traditional business models. For example, the adoption of tokenization or other emerging settlement technologies that enable self-clearing may reduce demand for traditional clearing services. New or existing competitors may also develop products or technologies that provide similar economic exposure or functionality to our existing offerings through different mechanisms, which may reduce demand for our products.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“A number of significant structural, political, monetary, and global conflicts continue to confront the global economy, and instability could continue, resulting in an increased or subdued level of inflation, market volatility, potential recession, supply chain constraints and costs, trading volumes, uncertainty, expenses, and costs due to potential new tariffs or changes to existing tariffs.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“A number of significant structural, political, monetary, and global conflicts continue to confront the global economy, and instability could continue, resulting in an increased or subdued level of inflation, market volatility, potential recession, supply chain constraints and costs, trading volumes, uncertainty, expenses, and costs due to potential new tariffs or changes to existing tariffs.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk Our operations in Europe, Canada, and Asia Pacific are subject to increased currency translation risk as revenues and expenses are denominated in foreign currencies, primarily the Euro, British pound, Canadian dollar, Australian dollar, and Japanese yen. We also have de minimis exposure to other foreign currencies, including the Singapore dollar, Philippine peso, and Hong Kong dollar.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Table of Contents Revenues Total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased $619.7 million, or 15%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to increases across all revenue captions, driven by an increase in transaction and clearing fees as a result of increased volumes traded on the Cboe options, Cboe U.S. equities, and Cboe European equities exchanges, partially offset by a decrease in regulatory fees due to a decrease in the Section 31 fee rate following a rate change in May 2025.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Global trade policies, including the assessment of tariffs and other impositions on imported goods, may have a material adverse impact on our business. Countries have announced new or increased tariffs on imported goods and that additional tariffs or increases in tariffs could be assessed in the future. If any such tariffs were to increase the costs of the products and services we use in our business, in particular the technology, communications, cloud, computer, and networking products and services that we use, and we were unable to mitigate the impacts of any such increased costs, it could have a material adverse impact on our business and our results of operations.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk Our operations in Europe, Canada, and Asia Pacific are subject to increased currency translation risk as revenues and expenses are denominated in foreign currencies, primarily the Euro, British pound, Canadian dollar, Australian dollar, and Japanese yen. We also have de minimis exposure to other foreign currencies, including the Singapore dollar, Philippine peso, and Hong Kong dollar.”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“As of January 1, 2025, the Company operates five reportable business segments: Options, North American Equities, Europe and Asia Pacific, Futures, and Global FX, which is reflective of how the Company's chief operating decision maker ("CODM") reviews and operates the business, as discussed in Note 1 ("Nature of Operations").”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“As of January 1, 2025, the Company operates five reportable business segments: Options, North American Equities, Europe and Asia Pacific, Futures, and Global FX, which is reflective of how the Company's chief operating decision maker ("CODM") reviews and operates the business, as discussed in Note 1 ("Nature of Operations").”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself

“As of January 1, 2025, the Company operates five reportable business segments: Options, North American Equities, Europe and Asia Pacific, Futures, and Global FX, which is reflective of how the Company's chief operating decision maker ("CODM") reviews and operates the business, as discussed in Note 1 ("Nature of Operations").”

Annual report 2025A · The company itself